Abstract: Agriculture remains a central pillar of India’s economic structure, contributing significantly to employment, rural income, food security, and overall national growth. This study examines the economic dimensions of agricultural development in India, focusing on productivity trends, market dynamics, policy interventions, and structural transformation. The analysis highlights how technological adoption, improved irrigation, institutional reforms, and market integration have shaped agricultural performance over time. Despite progress, challenges such as climatic risks, limited access to credit, fragmented landholdings, and supply chain inefficiencies continue to restrict the sector’s growth potential. The paper argues that strengthening rural infrastructure, promoting sustainable farming practices, expanding value-chain linkages, and enabling fair market access are essential for enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring inclusive economic development. The findings underscore that long-term agricultural transformation is critical for India’s broader economic progress and poverty reduction.

Keywords: Agriculture and Economic Growth, Agricultural Productivity, Rural Development, Market Integration, Agricultural Policy, Sustainable Farming.